MessageToEagle.com - Astronomers have found strong evidence that a massive black hole is being ejected from its host
galaxy at a speed of several million miles per hour.
New observations from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory suggest that the
black hole collided and merged with another black hole and received a powerful recoil kick from gravitational wave radiation.
"It's hard to believe that a supermassive black hole weighing millions of times the mass of the sun could be moved at all,
let alone kicked out of a galaxy at enormous speed," said Francesca Civano of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
(CfA), who led the new study.
"But these new data support the idea that gravitational waves -- ripples in the fabric of space
first predicted by Albert Einstein but never detected directly -- can exert an extremely powerful force."
Although the ejection of a supermassive black hole from a galaxy by recoil because more gravitational waves are being emitted
in one direction than another is likely to be rare, it nevertheless could mean that there are many giant black holes roaming
undetected out in the vast spaces between galaxies.
"These black holes would be invisible to us," said co-author Laura Blecha, also of CfA, "because they have consumed all of
the gas surrounding them after being thrown out of their home galaxy."
Civano and her group have been studying a system known as CID-42, located in the middle of a galaxy about 4 billion light
years away. They had previously spotted two distinct, compact sources of optical light in CID-42, using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.
More optical data from the ground-based Magellan and Very Large Telescopes in Chile supplied a spectrum (that is, the
distribution of optical light with energy) that suggested the two sources in CID-42 are moving apart at a speed of at
least 3 million miles per hour.
Click on image to enlarge
Chandra and other telescopes have shown that the galaxy CID-42 likely contains a massive black hole being ejected at several
million miles per hour. The main panel is a wide-field optical image of CID-42 and the area around it. The outlined box represents
the more localized view of CID-42 that is shown in the three separate boxes on the right-hand side of the graphic.
An image from Chandra (top box) shows that the X-ray emission is concentrated in a single source, corresponding to one of the
two sources seen in deep observations by Hubble (middle box). The precise Chandra data helps astronomers narrow their ideas
about what is happening in this galaxy, supporting the ejected black hole theory. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO/F.Civano et al;
Optical: NASA/STScI; Optical (wide field): CFHT, NASA/STScI
Previous Chandra observations detected a bright X-ray source likely caused by super-heated material around one or more
supermassive black holes. However, they could not distinguish whether the X-rays came from one or both of the optical
sources because Chandra was not pointed directly at CID-42, giving an X-ray source that was less sharp than usual.
"The previous data told us that there was something special going on, but we couldn't tell if there were two black holes
or just one," said another co-author Martin Elvis, also of CfA. "We needed new X-ray data to separate the sources."
When Chandra's sharp High Resolution Camera was pointed directly at CID-42, the resulting data showed that X-rays were
coming only from one of the sources. The team thinks that when two galaxies collided, the supermassive black holes in
the center of each galaxy also collided.
The two black holes then merged to form a single black hole that recoiled from gravitational waves produced by
the collision, which gave the newly merged black hole a sufficiently large kick for it to eventually escape from the galaxy.
The other optical source is thought to be the bright star cluster that was left behind. This picture is consistent
with recent computer simulations of merging black holes, which show that merged black holes can receive powerful kicks
from the emission of gravitational waves.
There are two other possible explanations for what is happening in CID-42. One would involve an encounter between
three supermassive black holes, resulting in the lightest one being ejected. Another idea is that CID-42 contains
two supermassive black holes spiraling toward one another, rather than one moving quickly away.
Both of these alternate explanations would require at least one of the supermassive black holes to be very obscured,
since only one bright X-ray source is observed. Thus the Chandra data support the idea of a black hole recoiling
because of gravitational waves.
These results will appear in the June 10 issue of The Astrophysical Journal.
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