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Flat Pancake-Shaped Galaxy Harbors Three Black Holes

16 April, 2012

MessageToEagle.com - Universe is still a big mystery. The bright galaxy NGC 3621 is the so-called "flat galaxy" which appears to be just a classical spiral. But it is rather unusual astronomical object

Bulgeless and therefore described as a pure-disc galaxy, NGC 3621 lies far beyond the local group of galaxies, some 22 million light-years away in the constellation of Hydra (The Sea Snake). The winding spiral arms of this gorgeous island universe are loaded with luminous young star clusters and dark dust lanes.

It is comparatively bright and can be seen well in moderate-sized telescopes.

NGC 3621 is flat and pancake-shaped.

Apparently, it hasn’t yet experienced a galactic collision with another galaxy.

Merging with other galaxy would have disturbed the thin disc of stars.

Over time, this should create a bulge in the galaxy's center.

This galaxy is of further interest to astronomers because its relative proximity allows them to study a wide range of astronomical objects within it, and use some of its brighter stars as standard candles to establish important estimates of extragalactic distances and the scale of the Universe.

Previously, astronomers thought, that bulgeless galaxies should not be able to host an Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). And yet, several observations of AGN in bulgeless galaxies currently indicate that a classical bulge is not a requirement for a nuclear black hole.

Today, they know much more about NGC 3621 and other flat galaxies.


NGC 3621 - is a galaxy full of surprises. It is bulgeless but has three central black holes. Credits: ESO



According to data gathered by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, which observed this "slender galaxy with robust black hole", NGC 3621 has a feeding, supermassive black hole lurking within it, a surprise considering that astronomers thought this particular class of super-thin galaxies lacked large black holes.

Another interesting feature is that there are also thought to be two smaller black holes, with masses of a few thousand times that of the Sun, near the nucleus of the galaxy.

Therefore, NGC 3621 is an extremely interesting object which, despite not having a central bulge, has a system of three black holes in its central region.


NGC 4395 is about 55 thousand light years across


The results of the observations challenge current theories, which hold that supermassive black holes require the bulbous central bulges that poke out from many spiral galaxies to form and grow.

NGC 3621 is the second disk galaxy without any bulge found to harbor a supermassive black hole.
Another bulgeless galaxy named NGC 4395, was found much earlier in 2003. It is the least luminous galaxy located some 14 million light-years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Canes Venatici (The Hunting Dogs).

It is essentially flat and has no central bulge, but it harbors the smallest known central black hole as estimated by a group led by astronomers from Ohio State University and the Technion Institute of Technology who have measured the mass of this unique black hole.



Early results indicate that the black hole weighs in at less than a million times the mass of our sun – which would make it as much as 100 times smaller than others of its type.

Galactic black holes typically weight in at a million to a billion solar masses. NGC 4395's black hole is only 300,000 to 400,000 solar masses.

A series of observations conducted by astronomers using Chandra X-ray Observatory provide more confirmation for the presence of an AGN in this galaxy, adding to the growing evidence that black holes do form and grow in isolated bulgeless disk galaxies.

Astronomers have also used Spitzer to find six other mega black holes in thin spirals with only minimal bulges. Together, the findings indicate that, for a galaxy, supermassive black holes are not associated exclusively with bulges.

MessageToEagle.com via ESO/Spitzer/Chandra/CAUP

See also:
Intimate Connection Between Black Holes And New-Born Stars

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