MessageToEagle.com - Red blood cells have been discovered in Ötzi, the 5,000-year-old glacier mummy, found twenty years ago
in the Ötzal Alps in South Tyrol.
It's the oldest blood known to modern science.
Ötzi's DNA has been decoded; samples from his stomach and intestines have allowed us to reconstruct his very last meal.
The circumstances of his violent death appear to have been explained. However, what had, at least thus far, eluded the
scientists, was identifying any traces of blood in Ötzi, the 5,000 year old glacier mummy.
Examination of his aorta had yielded no results.
Yet recently, a team of scientists from Italy and Germany, using nanotechnology, succeeded in locating red blood cells
in Ötzi’s wounds, thereby discovering the oldest traces of blood to have been found anywhere in the world.
“Up to now there had been uncertainty about how long blood could survive – let alone what human blood cells from the
Chalcolithic period, the Copper Stone Age, might look like.”
This is how Albert Zink, Head of the Institute for Mummies
and the Iceman at the European Academy, Bozen-Bolzano (EURAC) explains the starting point for the investigations which
he undertook with Marek Janko and Robert Stark, materials scientists at the Center of Smart Interfaces at Darmstadt
Technical University.
Even in modern forensic medicine it has so far been almost impossible to determine how long a trace of
blood had been present at a crime scene.
Scientists Zink, Janko and Stark are convinced that the nanotechnological
methods which they tested out on Ötzi’s blood to analyse the microstructure of blood cells and minute blood clots might
possibly lead to a break-through in this area.
The team of scientists used an atomic force microscope to investigate thin tissue sections from the wound where the arrow
entered Ötzi’s back and from the laceration on his right hand.
This nanotechnology instrument scans the surface of the tissue sections using a very fine probe.
Ötzi the Iceman, now housed at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy
As the probe moves over the surface, sensors measure every tiny deflection of the probe, line by line and point by point, building up a
three-dimensional image of the surface. What emerged was an image of red blood cells with the classic “doughnut shape”,
exactly as we find them in healthy people today.
“To be absolutely sure that we were not dealing with pollen, bacteria or even a negative imprint of a blood cell,
but indeed with actual blood cells, we used a second analytical method, the so-called Raman spectroscopy method”, report
Marek Janko and Robert Stark, who, with Albert Zink, are also members of the Center for NanoSciences in Munich.
Using nanotechnology, researchers from Italy and Germany have succeeded in locating red blood cells in the
wounds of the 5,000-year-old glacier mummy - Ötzi. Photo Credits: European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano
In Raman spectroscopy the tissue sample is illuminated by a laser beam and analysis of the spectrum of the scattered
light allows one to identify various molecules.
According to the scientists, the images derived from this process corresponded to present-day samples of human blood.
Whilst examining the wound at the point where the arrow entered the body, the team of scientists also identified fibrin,
a protein involved in the clotting of blood.
“Because fibrin is present in fresh wounds and then degrades, the theory that
Ötzi died some days after he had been injured by the arrow, as had once been mooted, can no longer be upheld,” explains Albert Zink.
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MessageToEagle.com - Red blood cells have been discovered in Ötzi, the 5,000-year-old glacier mummy, found twenty years ago
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