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Thousand of years old animal-shaped mounds have been discovered in Peru.
Like the Nazca lines, which include a series of giant animal
outlines drawn on the ground to the south, the animal mounds were best observed from a higher vantage point.
Google Earth images of the mounds revealed the shapes of birds, including a giant condor, a 5,000 year-old orca, a duck, and a caiman/puma
monster seen in bone and rock carvings from the area.
For more than a century and a half, scientists and tourists have visited massive animal-shaped mounds, such as Serpent Mound in Ohio, created by the
indigenous people of North America.
But few animal effigy mounds had been found in South America until University of Missouri anthropology professor
emeritus Robert Benfer identified numerous earthen animals rising above the coastal plains of Peru, a region already renowned for the Nazca lines,
the ruined city of Chan Chan, and other cultural treasures.
“The mounds will draw tourists, one day,” Benfer said.
“Some of them are more than 4,000 years old. Compare that to the effigy mounds of North America, which date to between 400 and 1200 AD.
The oldest Peruvian mounds were being built at the same time as the pyramids in Egypt.”
Benfer identified the mounds, which range from five meters (16.5 feet) to 400 meters (1,312 feet) long in each of the six valleys he surveyed in coastal Peru.
The mounds pre-date ceramics and were probably built using woven baskets to carry and pile up rock and soil.
“The finding of animal effigy mounds where there were none before changes our conception of early Peruvian prehistory,” Benfer said.
“That they probably represent the Andean zodiac is also a new find.
A controversial interpretation of some Nazca figures as representations of the zodiac is supported by these mounds.”
Benfer suggested the structures may have been built as terrestrial manifestations of constellations the ancient Peruvians saw in the stars above.
The mounds not only represented the stars, they aligned with them. So far, Benfer has found astronomical orientations at every giant mound.
For example, at the Chillón Valley site, an earthen condor’s charcoal eye lined up with the Milky Way when viewed from a nearby temple.
The monstrous caiman/puma mound aligned with the June solstice when viewed from the same temple.
Click on image to enlarge
Condor Head
The El Paraíso condor lines up with this stone sculpted to resemble a condor head. Stone condors are common in the Andes; this is the first one
found on the coast. Viewed from the entrance to a 4,000 year old temple at the site, the sun rises over this pillar during the equinox. (CREDIT: Google Earth Pro)
According to Benfer, astronomer priests may have made directed construction of the mounds and then made observations of the sky and
offerings to the Earth from atop the earthen creatures. For the ancients, having a celestial calendar allowed farmers and fisherman to prepare for the year ahead.
“For example, knowing that December 21 had passed was very important. If there was no sign of an El Niño by then, fishers would know they
would have another good year, and farmers would face neither drought nor floods,” Benfer said.
Click on image to enlarge
Monster
The caiman/puma monster-shaped mound is one of two figures from the 4,000 year old preceramic site of El Paraíso, in the Chilca Valley. The other, a
condor, is partly visible in the upper left. The arrow shows the mound’s alignment to the Milky Way. (CREDIT: Google Earth Pro)
Previously, the only other effigy mounds known from South America were a few sites in the Andes, but Benfer’s discoveries may be just the beginning.
“In each field season, I have found more giant mounds and more fields of smaller ones. I will go back in June and July confident of
identifying more on the ground,” Benfer said.
Although they appear to be plentiful, researchers overlooked the animal effigies since the first days of scientific archeology in Peru.
Click on image to enlarge
Orca
Orcas hunted off the Peruvian coast 500 meters away until recently when industrial fishing removed their prey.
This orca-shaped mound dated to approximately 5000 years ago. (CREDIT: Google Earth Pro)
“I had always noted that a very large structure just north of Lima resembled a bird. But since there were supposedly no giant animal
effigy mounds in South America, I thought it couldn’t be one,” Benfer said.
Then, two years ago, while studying satellite views of archeological sites, Benfer noticed what looked like teeth on one of the mounds
north of Lima. The jagged teeth-like structures had been misidentified as irrigation canals. But after a ground survey of the area,
he realized he was standing atop the caiman/puma monster of Chillón Valley. He soon found the nearby condor mound and went on to identify
numerous other earthen animal effigies.
Duck
A natural formation was altered by adding a head to create a duck-shaped mound. A nearby circular mound may represent an egg.
These mounds date to approximately 3,500 years ago. (CREDIT: Google Earth Pro)
The results of Benfer’s work were published in the journal Antiquity. The Curtiss and Mary G. Brennan Foundation supported his work
as did the research board of the University of Missouri. The Museum of Anthropology and Pre-Columbian Agriculture of the National
Agricultural University of Peru provided laboratory and technical support. The field team of Bernardino Ojeda, Omar Ventocilla,
Andrés Ocas, and Lucio Laura produced maps and valuable observations.
Although retired, Benfer continues field research in Peru and Mexico. His work today focuses on the intersection of astronomy and
archeology, particularly alignments between celestial events and religious structures. He has been invited to submit a major review
of his work and will do so this spring.
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